Ecosystems in Singapore

An ecosystem is a network of physical, chemical and biological elements that supports a distinctive community of plants and animals.

For example, a marine ecosystem can consist of habitats such as coral reefs, seagrass meadows, mangroves or inter-tidal shores. Each ecosystem differs from other such communities.

Types of ecosystems

Despite its small size, Singapore is rich in biodiversity and hosts a wide range of ecosystems due to its tropical location near the equator. These ecosystems are often complex and diverse in species.

Singapore’s ecosystems can be grouped into two main categories:

Terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems

These include forests, wetlands and freshwater bodies. Singapore's land ecosystems are home to numerous plant and animal species that maintain ecological balance. 

Explore our terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems

Coastal and marine ecosystems

Coral reefs, mangroves and seagrass meadows are marine environments that are vital for marine life. They also offer essential ecosystem services such as coastal protection and carbon storage..

Explore our coastal and marine ecosystems

Conservation efforts

Many of Singapore’s rich ecosystems and biodiversity are protected within designated nature areas. These include four nature reserves.

Learn more about nature reserves and nature areas